CV vs resume
Also called curriculum vitae, CV.
The same document in most of the world, and two different documents in the United States — where a CV is an exhaustive academic record and a resume is a one- to two-page summary.
In the UK, Ireland, most of Europe, and much of Asia and Africa, "CV" is simply the word for the two-page document a US employer calls a resume. Applying to a London job with a "resume" and to a Berlin job with a "CV" gets you to the same place.
In the US and Canada, the words separate. A resume is one to two pages and targeted. A CV is unbounded and complete, listing publications, grants, teaching, and conference talks, and it is expected only in academia, medicine, and research. Sending a US recruiter a six-page CV reads as not knowing the convention.
The formatting expectations diverge more than the naming does. Photos, dates of birth, marital status and nationality are normal on a German or French CV and are actively excluded on a US resume for anti-discrimination reasons. A single global document is therefore always slightly wrong somewhere — which is why country-specific variants beat a compromise.
Reverse-chronological resume
The standard resume format, listing roles newest first — the layout recruiters and parsers both expect.
Europass CV
The European Union's standardized CV format, expected by some public-sector and EU-institution employers and unnecessary almost everywhere else.